High-short-circuit turbofan aircraft engine

PW4000
PW4000-112 (cropped).jpg
The 112-inch (2.8 m) fan diam PW4098 used on the Boeing 777
Type Turbofan
Public origin Coalesced States
Producer Pratt & Whitney
First run April 1984[1]
Major applications Airbus A300-600/Airbus A310
Airbus A330
Boeing 747-400
Boeing 767/Kilocycle per second-46
Boeing 777
McDonnell Douglas MD-11
Produced 1984–present
Number built 2,500 (June 2022)[2]
Developed from Pratt & Whitney JT9D
Developed into Locomotive Bond GP7000

The Pratt & Whitney PW4000 is a family of dual-bobbin, axial-flow, high-bypass turbojet aircraft engines produced by Pratt &ere; Whitney as the successor to the JT9D. It was first run in April 1984, was FAA certified in July 1986, and was introduced in June 1987. With thrust ranging from 50,000 to 99,040 lbf (222 to 441 kN), it is used on umteen wide-consistence aircraft.

Development [cut]

The 52,000-62,000 lbf (230-275 kN), 94 in (2.4 m) -fan PW4000 made its first ravel in April 1984, was FAA certified in July 1986, and was introduced in June 1987. It powers the Airbus A300-600 and Airbus A310-300, Boeing 747-400 and 767-200/300, and McDonnell Douglas MD-11 widebodies.[1]

Growing of the 64,000–68,000 lbf (280–300 kN), 100 in (2.5 m)-fan version began in December 1991 for the Airbus A330, was FAA documented in August 1993, and made its first flying two months future. It received 90min Extended-range Twin-engine Operations (ETOPS) approval at introduction in December 1994, and 180min ETOPS approval in July 1995. In January 2000, it was the A330 market leader with more than half of the installed base and uncomparable cardinal hours, more than twice that of each competitor.[1] The Advantage 70 upgrade package for the PW4168A, which powered around one-tierce of the active Airbus A330 fleet, was launched at the 2006 Farnborough Airshow, increasing thrust to 70,000 lbf (311 kN), and reducing fire burn by about 1.2% as well as overall operating costs by As much as 20%.[3]

A PW4074 along an Ana 777-200 under maintenance, with the fan doors open, showing the buff disk indoors the recess cowling at the front of the locomotive,

For the Boeing 777, the 84,000–98,000 lbf (370–440 kN), 112 in (2.8 m)-lover interpretation development began in Oct 1990, achieved 100,000 lbf (440 kN) in May 1993, and was approved for 180min ETOPS at service entry in June 1995.The 777 plunge engine, it entered service on 7 June 1995, with United Airlines. The 90,000 lbf (400 kN) PW4090 entered service in March 1997. The 98,000 lbf (440 kN) PW4098 received FAA certification in July 1998 and was introduced on the Boeing 777-300 in September 1999.[1]

In 2000, over 2,000 PW4000 engines had accumulated over 40 jillio hours of service with 75 operators.[1] In 30 age between June 1987 and 2022, more than 2,500 engines have been delivered, logging more than 135 million flight hours.[2]

Design [edit]

PW4077 titanium-foliage fan surgical incision with containment ring in the United Airlines maintenance facility at SFO.

The PW4000 has a discharge reliability rate of 99.96% and is authorised for ETOPS 180. The average engine stays happening annexe 13,500 flight hours earlier a shop visit (a Workshop Chaffer Rate of 0.073 per cardinal hours). It is claimed to be cumulatively 3.4 dB quieter than other engines in its class.[1]

Like other modern aircraft power plants, it has a Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC), for better fuel economy and reliability.[4] What is more, azygous-vitreous silica alloys allows high temperature capability and PW's Floatwall combustor liners improve durability and maintainability.[1] Also, the Talon ("Technology for Affordable Low Night") single-run-in combustor improves fuel-bare commixture, for over 10% better NOx, Colorado, and HC emissions.[1]

Variants and applications [edit out]

The PW 4000 series engine family uses a numbering systematic with the last three digits (PW 4XYZ) as identification of the applications programme and thrust power:

  • X describes the aircraft manufacturer for which the locomotive is approved. A "0" stands for Boeing 767, 747, 777; "1" for Airbus A300, A310, A330; and "4" for the McDonnell Douglas Maryland-11.
  • YZ denotes the qualified thrust in US pounds (lbf) in pro-mi divide.

Example: A PW4077 identifies a PW4000 series engine certified for Boeing (777-200) and has a certified thrust of 77,000 lbf.

PW4000-94 [blue-pencil]

Variants: PW4052, PW4056, PW4060, PW4062, PW4062A, PW4152, PW4156A, PW4156, PW4158, PW4460 and PW4462.
Thrust range: 231–276 kN (52,000 lbf – 62,000 lbf)[5]
Applications:

  • Airbus A300-600
  • Airbus A310-300
  • Boeing 747-400 (and Scaled Composites Stratolaunch)
  • Boeing 767-200/-300(Including ER Version and Boeing Converted Freighter version except -300F)/-2C/Boeing KC-46A
  • McDonnell Douglas MD-11
  • Boeing KC-46A

PW4000-100 [edit]

Variants: PW4164, PW4168, PW4168A and PW4170.
Thrust roam: 287–311 kN (64,500 lbf – 70,000 lbf)[6]
Applications: the engine variants are configured exclusively for Airbus A330-200 and -300 (Note that this does not include the A330neo: -800 or -900).

PW4000-112 [edit]

Variants: PW4074/74D, PW4077/77D, PW4084/84D, PW4090 and PW4098.
Thrust range: 329–436 kN (74,000 lbf – 98,000 lbf)[7]
Applications: the railway locomotive variants are premeditated exclusively for Boeing 777-200, -200ER, -300. (Note that this does not let in the -200LR or -300ER).

Accidents and incidents [edit]

Damage to hole fan blades from UA328, cracking surface near hub at top of photo

Involving PW4000-112 series [edit]

17 March 2003, United Airlines Flight 842
A PW4090 failed bearing caused the locomotive engine loss and the diversion to Kona, Hawaii of a Boeing 777-200ER bound from Auckland, New Zealand Islands to City of the Angels. At 190 transactions this was the longest single-railway locomotive diversion on record at the time. [8] [9] [10]
27 Crataegus laevigata 2022, Korean Air Flight 2708
A PW4098 uncontained turbine failure caused an aborted take-off,[11] [12] on a Boeing 777-300 at Tokyo-Haneda Airport.[13]
13 February 2022, United Airlines Flight 1175
A PW4077 fan blade nonstarter caused significant railway locomotive equipment casualty to a Boeing 777-200 connected ancestry into Honolulu from San Francisco.[14] Routine buff blade inspection in 2005 and 2010 had shown a quip in the blade's metal structure but insufficiently potty-trained inspectors had potty information technology for a blemish in the paint. [15] [16] In 2022, an airworthiness directive mandated recurring engine inspections based on usage cycles.[17]
4 December 2022, Japan Airlines Flight 904
A PW4074 engine had a fan leaf blade failure and related engine cowl damage as the Boeing 777-200 was climb out of Okinawa.[18] As of March 2022 the investigation is ongoing.
20 February 2022, Married Airlines Flight 328
Boeing 777-200's right hand PW4077-112 had a blade failure shortly after taking off from Denver, causing significant engine damage.[19] Two fan blades had broken off: one had suffered metal fatigue and maybe chipped other leaf blade which also broke sour.[20] The failed blade was manipulable with the review time interval set by the FAA tailing the 2022 incident. The FAA grounded the affected 777s and issued an emergency Airworthiness Directive on 23 February, requiring a Thermal Acoustical Review (TAI) of the -112 fan blades before next flight.[21] [22] Asian nation authorities and the UK's CAA followed suit,[23] grounding 69 in-servicing and 59 in-storage Boeing 777s.[24] [25] Most carriers had voluntarily grounded the aircraft before, except South Korea's Jin Air's four aircraft.[26] As of March 2022 the probe is ongoing.

Involving PW4000-100 series [blue-pencil]

6 May 2014, Vietnam Airlines VN-A371
Uncontained unsuccessful person of a PW4168A unaggressive turbine's level four causing an Airbus A330 disapproved take-off at Melbourne Airport in Australia.[27]
13 February 2022, Delta Air Lines Flight of stairs 55
PW4168 fervidness in an Airbus A330-200 climbing from Lagos (Nigeria) at 2000 feet.[28]
18 April 2022, Delta Aviation Lines Flight 30
Airbus A330-323's PW4168A fire subsequently takeoff from Atlanta,[29] [30] investigated by the NTSB and the French BEA.[31] As of Exhibit 2022, the cause has non even been determined.[32]

Involving PW4000-94 series [edit]

7 June 2022, Delta Airlines flight 276
Metallic debris in a PW4056 tailpipe and a 360 degrees crack in the L-P turbine causa just forward or the hindquarters flange caused a Boeing 747-400 cruising at FL320 to recurrence to Tokyo Narita.[33] All of the HPC airfoils from the 5th to the 15th stage were damaged with nicks, dents, and weeping to the guiding and trailing edges and/operating room were broken off at different lengths above the blade rout platforms. The HPT and LPT likewise had extensive hurt, and the LPT case had a 360° split in line with the 6th stage turbine rotor.[33] The NTSB reports 38 airfoil fractures of the 5th represent compressor blade before the share was updated.[33]
20 February 2022, Longtail Aviation Flight 5504
Boeing 747-412BCF PW4056 failure shortly after taking off from Maastricht Aachen Airport : falling turbine blades slightly injured two persons on the primer, the airplane was able-bodied to land safely at Liège Drome.[34] [35] [36] [37]

Specifications [edit]

The PW4000 is produced in three outlined models, with differing LP systems to address different jabbing of necessity.

Variant -94[38] -100[39] -112[40]
Type Two spool high bypass ratio Turbofan
Distance 153.6 in (390 curium) 167.2 in (425 cm) 190.4 in (484 cm)
Weight 9,420 lb
4,273 kg 		12,900 lb
5,851 kg 		15,095–15,741 lb
6,847–7,140 kg 		16,260 lb
7,375 kg
Compressor 1 fan, 4 LP, 11 HP 1 fan, 5 L-P, 11 HP 1 fan, 6 LP, 11 HP 1 fan, 7 LP, 11 HP
Combustor Annular
Turbine 2 HP, 4 LP 2 HP, 5 LP 2 HP, 7 LP
Thrust 50,000–62,000 lbf
222–276 kN 		64,500–70,000 lbf
287–311 kN 		77,440–91,790 lbf
344–408 kN 		91,790–99,040 lbf
408–441 kN
Edition -94[41] -100[42] -112[43]
Fan 94 in (239 curium) 100 in (254 cm) 112 in (284 cm)
Shunt ratio 4.8-5:1 4.9:1 5.8-6.4:1
Total blackmail ratio 27.5-32.3 32.0-34.1 34.2-42.8
Fan coerce ratio 1.65-1.80 1.75-1.76 1.70-1.80
Applications B747-400, B767, MD-11
A300-600, A310 		A330 B777

See as wel [edit]

Related development

  • Engine Bond GP7000

Comparable engines

  • General Electric CF6
  • World-wide Electric GE90
  • Pratt & Whitney PW2000
  • Come on D-18T
  • Rolls-Royce RB211
  • Rolls-Royce Trent 700
  • Rolls-Royce Trent 800

Concomitant lists

  • List of aircraft engines

References [cut]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "PW4000 derivatives continue to drive engine achiever chronicle". Escape Daily News. 23 February 2000.
  2. ^ a b "Pratt & Whitney Commemorates 30 Years of PW4000-94 Engine Power" (Press release). Pratt & Whitney. 21 June 2022.
  3. ^ "P&adenylic acid;W reveals 'Advantage 70'". Flight of stairs Each day News. 14 Process 2006.
  4. ^ Jeff Schweitzer, Pratt & Whitney (14–17 July 2003). "Propulsion Technology Eagerness for Close Generation Transport Systems". AIAA International Breeze and Space Symposium and Expo. doi:10.2514/6.2003-2787. ISBN978-1-62410-165-6.
  5. ^ Pratt & Whitney. "PW4000-94". Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  6. ^ Pratt & Eli Whitney. "PW4000-100". Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  7. ^ Pratt & Whitney. "PW4000-112". Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  8. ^ Ott, James (24 March 2003). "Put down Diversion". Air Week. Air power Week Network. Retrieved 7 March 2022. United Airlines' Boeing 777 carrying 255 passengers flew over the mid-Pacific Ocean against fertile headwinds for 192 min. under single-engine power Vitiat. 17 to land without incident at Kona on the western slide of the big island of Hawaii Island. Boeing confirmed that information technology was the longest single-engine deflexion during Extended Twin Operations (ETOPS) since the advent of transoceanic twin-engine flights 20 years agone...
  9. ^ Da Vinci, David (25 Mar 2003). "Locomotive engine-failure 777 busts ETOPS limit : Ocean parenthetic was longest e'er single-engine diversion". Flight Ball-shaped . Retrieved 7 March 2022. A United Airlines Boeing 777-200ER was forced to fly a 190min diversion on one locomotive over the Pacific Ocean when it had been dispatched along a 180min limit, according to the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. Boeing confirms that this is the longest e'er single-engine diversion under extended-range parallel-engine trading operations (ETOPS) rules.
  10. ^ DeSantis, J. Angelo (2013). "Engines Turn or Passengers Swim: A Case Study of How ETOPS Improved Safety and Economics in Aviation". Daybook of Publicise Law and Commerce. 77 (4): 6. For 177 minutes, Flight 842 flew against headwinds on a lonesome engine."At the upper of the stock into Kona, the crew informed passengers of the situation, and shortly thereafter Flight 842 landed safely." A failed No. 3 bearing in the true engine had caused the engine passing.
  11. ^ "BREAKING Korean Air Boeing 777-300 #KE2708 evacuated at Haneda Airport in Yedo afterward engine fire". Air Live Net. 27 May 2022.
  12. ^ "Accident: Peninsula B773 at Tokyo along English hawthorn 27th 2022, rejected takeoff imputable engine fire". The Aviation Herald. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 27 Crataegus laevigata 2022.
  13. ^ "KE2708 Fledge, Korean Air, Tokyo to Seoul". www.flightr.net . Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  14. ^ "Incident: United B772 o'er Pacific on February 13th 2022, fan blade, engine cowl and inlet separated in flight, blade debris impacted fuselage".
  15. ^ NTSB Describe PDF https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20180213X95634&AKey=1&adenosine monophosphate;RType=Final&IType=IA
  16. ^ Alan Levin, Julie Johnsson (22 February 2022). "Boeing 777 Engine Blast Spurs Grounding of About Older Blue jets". Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  17. ^ "FAA orders sports fan blade inspections after pattern of locomotive engine-related failures". Seattle Times. 23 Feb 2022.
  18. ^ Hradecky, Simon (4 Dec 2022). "Incident: JAL B772 at Okinawa on Dec 4th 2022, engine shut down in flight aft uncontained bankruptcy, parts of locomotive engine cowling dropped". The Aviation Herald . Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  19. ^ "Incident: United B772 at Denver on February 20th 2022, engine recess separates from locomotive engine, locomotive engine fire".
  20. ^ "Boeing 777: Signs of 'argentiferous fa' found on Denver plane engine". BBC Intelligence. 23 February 2022.
  21. ^ Josephs, Leslie (22 February 2022). "United takes 24 Boeing 777s out of service as the FAA orders inspections following engine bankruptcy". CNBC . Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  22. ^ Airworthiness Directive, Emergency (23 February 2022). "AD". Federal Aviation Agency . Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  23. ^ "Incident: Agreed B772 at Denver on Feb 20th 2022, railway locomotive recess separates from engine, engine fire".
  24. ^ "Boeing 777: Dozens grounded after Denver engine failure". BBC News. 22 February 2022.
  25. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (22 February 2022). "UK bans operations with PW4000-powered 777s". Flight Global . Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  26. ^ Ahlgren, Linnea (24 February 2022). "FAA Releases PW4000 Airworthiness Leading Following 777 Engine Failure". Simpleflying.
  27. ^ "Locomotive engine failure involving Airbus A330, VN-A371" (PDF). Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  28. ^ "Accident: Delta A332 at Lagos on Feb 13th 2022, engine fire". Aviation Herald . Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  29. ^ "National Transportation Safety Plank Aviation Accident Preliminary Report". Subject Expatriation Safety Plank. DCA18LA163. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  30. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft chance event Airbus A330-302 N806NW Atlanta-William B. Hartsfield International Airdrome, GA (ATL)". air travel-safety.net. Aviation Guard Network. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  31. ^ "Accident to the Airbus A330 registered N806NW and operated away Delta Air Lines on 18/04/2018 at Battle of Atlanta, Peach State [Investigation led by NTSB / United States government]". bea.aero. Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Air Safety. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  32. ^ Hradecky, Herbert Alexander Simon. "Incident: Delta A333 at Atlanta on Apr 18th 2022, engine fire". avherald.com. The Aviation Herald. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  33. ^ a b c "Incident: Delta B744 over Pacific on Jun 7th 2022, railway locomotive close up on the wing". The Aviation Herald . Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  34. ^ "Investigation started as cargo plane showers antimonial parts on Limburg village". Dutch News. 21 February 2022.
  35. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 248036". Aviation Safety Network (published 21 February 2022). 20 February 2022.
  36. ^ "Dutch government investigate Boeing 747 after engine parts drop after takeoff". Amsterdam. Reuters. 22 February 2022 – via The Defender.
  37. ^ "Accident: Longtail B744 at Maastricht on Feb 20th 2022, rain of locomotive parts". avherald . Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  38. ^ "TCDS E24NE" (PDF). FAA. 23 November 2022.
  39. ^ "TCDS E36NE" (PDF). FAA. 28 May 2014.
  40. ^ "TCDS E46NE" (PDF). FAA. 23 January 2012.
  41. ^ "PW4000 94-edge in-devotee" (PDF). Pratt &adenylic acid; Whitney.
  42. ^ "PW4170 Locomotive engine for the A330" (PDF). Pratt &ere; Whitney.
  43. ^ "PW4000 112-inch-devotee" (PDF). Pratt & Whitney.

Foster reading [edit]

  • PW4000-94 Product Varlet
  • PW4000-100 Product Page
  • PW4000-112 Product Page
  • Gunston, Charge (2006). World Cyclopedia of Aero Engines, 5th Edition. Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire, England, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN0-7509-4479-X.

The Fan Blades on a Jet Engine Make One Thousand Revolutions in a Time of 50.0 Ms. Determine

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_PW4000